IIr.

항목 카테고리가 미정의 상태입니다.
페이지 콘솔에서 카테고리를 선택하세요.

+ show block

어쩌구저쩌구

대한민국 지역사령부 변칙문화권 언어 총서

하리우치 에이도

편집

제 2권

---

후기 다에바어 문법

A Grammatical Sketch of Daevo-Aryan Language

마티외 데스마레

저

송문탁

번역

SCP 재단 언어학부

대한민국 지역사령부

---

후기 다에바어…

어휘 우선순위: (Mitanni) > Vedic > Khotanese = Sogdian > Ossetian
동이란어군 혁신 우선 반영.
인도어군 Archaism 우선 반영.
둘 다 있을 시 둘 다 반영.
서이란어군 혁신은 반영하지 않음.

아뒤툼어 내 다에바 어휘 언급
sak-	holy, sacred
dajwas	god, sky
jamb	to copulate
agras	field, pasturage
pracha	to pray, ask
agnis	God of Fire
dajcha	to take, trade, to give
sadus	successful, accomplished, rich man
akarma	celibacy
skanda	ascension, to rise

(IIr 조어단계) Archaic Daevo-Aryan?
s>h 미반영 등…
음운변화 취사문제는 언어사 적절히.

이하: 미탄니 내 아리아 언어기층

bi-ir-ya-ma-aš-da	Priyamazdha	Priyamedha	"whose wisdom is dear"; /azd(ʰ)/ to [eːd(ʰ)] is a regular development in Vedic and its descendants (Indo-Aryan in the narrow sense)
bi-ir-ya-aš-šu-wa, bi-ir-da-aš-šu-wa	Priyāśva ~ Prītāśva	Prītāśva	"whose horse is dear"
ar-ta-aš-šu-ma-ra	Artasmara	Ṛtasmara	"who thinks of Arta/Ṛta"
ar-ta-ta-a-ma	Artadhāma(n?)	Ṛtadhāman	"his abode is Ṛta"
tu-uš-rat-ta, tu-iš-e-rat-ta, tu-uš-e-rat-ta	Tvaiša(?)ratha	Tveṣáratha	"whose chariot is vehement"
in-tar-ú-da, en-dar-ú-ta	Indrauta	Indrota	"helped by Indra"; /au/ to [oː] is a regular development in Vedic; ú specifically indicates [u] as opposed to [o]

a-ru-na, ú-ru-wa-na	Varuna	Varuṇa
mi-it-ra	Mitra	Mitra
in-tar, in-da-ra	Indra	Indra
na-ša-ti-ya-an-na	Nasatya(-nna)	Nāsatya	Hurrian grammatical ending -nna
a-ak-ni-iš	Āgnis	Agni	only attested in Hittite, which retains nominative -/s/ and lengthens stressed syllables

a-aš-šu-uš-ša-an-ni	āśva-san-ni?	aśva-sana-	"master horse trainer" (Kikkuli himself)
-aš-šu-wa	-aśva	aśva	"horse"; in personal names
a-i-ka-	aika-	eka	"1"
ti-e-ra-	tera- ?	tri	"3"
pa-an-za-	pańća- ?	pañca	"5"; Vedic c is not an affricate, but apparently its Mitanni equivalent was
ša-at-ta	satta	sapta	"7"; /pt/ to /tː/ is either an innovation in Mitanni or a misinterpretation by a scribe who had Hurrian šinti "7" in mind
na-a-[w]a-	nāva-	nava	"9"
wa-ar-ta-an-na	vartan(n)a	vartana	round, turn

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni

āgní-는 인도아리아. 이란아리아는 ātar-.

집
https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/g%CA%B0r%CC%A5d%CA%B0%C3%A1s
https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%AD%A1%F0%90%AD%A9%F0%90%AD%B2%F0%90%AD%A0#Middle_Persian

표기는 인도이란연구 관습대로.

1. 음운

i ī		u ū
(ai > e)		(au > o)
	a	ā

i	ɨ	u
e	ə	o
	a

Lovataar < PToch. lŭwā- (animal) + IIr suffix -tar- (-er) / IIr ātar- (불)
Aśvighoṣa (<IIr aśvī-gʰauša. 암말-울음)
Aisling < TochA. ārṣal, TochB. arṣāklo (독)사 cf) Arseilēs + Yeniseian Pl. marker -ŋ

▽답을 내기 어려움
Jakarren
Quantarien
Vanuuyart

2. 문법

2.1. 명사

곡용형은 단수형만. 복수형은 접미사로 대체. 쌍수형 취급 어떻게?(> 소그드어 수사격. 호탄어에선 어떻게 되었는지)
쌍수형은 BC 1600-1200년경 퇴화단계

후기 다에바어는 오세트어, 소그드어, 스키타이어 등 여러 북동이란어파 언어들과 기원을 공유하는 복수접미사 -tā-를 가진다. cf) 순수다에바어 복수접사 -(t)a; 몽골어 복수접사 -t

표 N. 후기 다에바어 복수곡용과 소그드어 복수곡용 비교.
후기 다에바어			소그드어
				약자음어간		강자음어간		모음어간
nom.	-tā		nom.	-tá	dir.	-t	dir.	-ēt
voc.	-tay		voc.	-té	voc.	-te	voc.	?
acc.	-tām		acc.	-tá	dir.	-t	dir.	-ēt
gen.	-tāyāh		gen.-dat.	-tyá	obl.	-tī	obl.	-ētī
abl.	=gen.		inst.-abl.	-tyá	obl.	-tī	obl.	-ētī
dat.	-tāyāy		gen.-dat.	-tyá	obl.	-tī	obl.	-ētī
inst.	-tayā / -tā		inst.-abl.	-tyá	obl.	-tī	obl.	-ētī
loc.	-taya		loc.	-tyá	obl.	-tī	obl.	-ētī

2.2. 대명사

표 N. 이란조어 1인칭, 2인칭 대명사 곡용표.
	1인칭		2인칭
		encl.		encl.
단수
voc.			tū
nom.	azam		tū̆vam
acc.	mām	mā	θvām	θvā
gen.	ma-na	mai	tava	tai
abl.	ma-t		θvat
dat.	ma-bya(h)	mai	ta-byah	tai
loc.			θva(y)i
복수
nom.	vayam		yūž-am	yūš
acc.	ahmā	nāh		vāh
gen.	ahmākam	nah	yūšmākam	vāh
dat.	ahma-bya	nah	yūšma-bya, šma-bya	vāh
abl.	ahmā-t		yūšma-t, šma-t
inst.	ahmā		šma
쌍수
nom.-acc.-voc.	āvā(?)
gen.			yuvākam

표 N. 산스크리트어 1인칭, 2인칭 대명사
	1						2
	sg.		du.		pl.		sg.		du.		pl.
		encl.		encl.		encl.		encl.		encl.		encl.
nom.	ahám		vā́m, āvám		vayám		tvám, tᵤvám,		yuvám		yūyám
acc.	mā́m, mₐā́m	mā	āvám	nau	asmā́n	nas	tvā́m, tvₐā́m	tvā	yuvā́m, …	vām	yuṣmā́n	vas
ins.	máyā		āvā́bʰyām		asmā́bʰis		tvₐā́/tᵤvā́, tváyā, tᵤváyā		-		yuṣmā́bʰis
dat.	máhya, máhyam	me	āvā́bʰyām	nau	asmábʰya, asmábʰyam, asmé	nas	túbʰya, túbʰyam	te	yuvábʰyām, yuvā́bʰyām	vām	yuṣmábʰyam, yuṣmábʰᵢyam	vah
abl.	mát		āvā́bʰyām, āvát		asmát		tvát, tᵤvát		yuvát, CSkt. yuvābhyām		yuṣmát
gen.	máma	me	āváyos	nau	asmā́kam	nas	táva	te	yuvós, yuváyos, yuvā́ku	vām	yuṣmā́kam	vah
loc.	máyi		-		asmā́su, asmé		tvé, tᵤvé, tváyi		-		yuṣmé

표 N. 1인칭, 2인칭 대명사
	1						2
	sg.		du.		pl.		sg.		du.		pl.
		encl.		encl.		encl.		encl.		encl.		encl.
nom.	azám		vā́m		vayám		tū́; θvám		yuvám		yūžám
acc.	mā́m	mā	āvám	nāu	ahmá	nah	θvā́m	θvā	yuvā́m	vām	xšmā́n	vah
ins.	máyā		āvā́bʰyām		ahmā́bʰiš		θvā́		yuvábʰyām		xšmā́
dat.	mázya	mai	āvā́bʰyām	nāu	ahmábʰya	nah	túbʰya	tai	yuvábʰyām	vām	xšmábʰya	vah
abl.	mát		āvát		ahmát		θvát		yuvát		xšmát
gen.	mána	mai	āváyāh	nāu	ahmā́kam	nah	táva	tai	yuvā́h	vām	xšmā́kam	vah
loc.	máyi		āváyau		ahmā́hu		θvái		yuváu		xšmái

ayam/iyam/ima- this 이
aiša-/aita- this, that 그
hā/ău/ava- that(yonder) 저

표 N. 지시대명사 ha-/ta-
	m.			n.			f.
	sg.	du.	pl.	sg.	du.	pl.	sg.	du.	pl.
nom.	há, háh	tā́	tái	tát	tái	tā́	hā́	tái	tā́h
acc.	tám	tā́	tán	tát	tái	tā́	tā́m	tái	tā́h
ins.	tā́	tā́bʰyām	tā́iš	tā́	tā́bʰyām	tā́iš	táyā	tā́bʰyām	tā́bʰiš
dat.	táhmāi	tā́bʰyām	táibʰyah	táhmāi	tā́bʰyām	táibʰyah	táhyāi	tā́bʰyām	tā́bʰyah
abl.	táhmāt	tā́bʰyām	táibʰyah	táhmāt	tā́bʰyām	táibʰyah	táhyāh	tā́bʰyām	tā́bʰyah
gen.	táhya	táyāh	táišam	táhya	táyāh	táišam	táhyāh	-	tā́sām
loc.	táhmi	táyau	táišu	táhmi	táyau	táišu	táhyām	-	tā́hu

표 N. 지시대명사 aiša-/aita-
	m.			n.			f.
	sg.	du.	pl.	sg.	du.	pl.	sg.	du.	pl.
nom.	aišá, aišáh	aitā́	aitái	aitát	aitái	aitā́	aišā́	aitái	aitā́h
acc.	aitám	aitā́	aitán	aitát	aitái	aitā́	aitā́m	aitái	aitā́h
ins.	aitā́	aitā́bʰyām	aitā́iš	aitā́	aitā́bʰyām	aitā́iš	aitáyā	aitā́bʰyām	aitā́bʰiš
dat.	aitáhmāi	aitā́bʰyām	aitáibʰyah	aitáhmāi	aitā́bʰyām	aitáibʰyah	aitáhyāi	aitā́bʰyām	aitā́bʰyah
abl.	aitáhmāt	aitā́bʰyām	aitáibʰyah	aitáhmāt	aitā́bʰyām	aitáibʰyah	aitáhyāh	aitā́bʰyām	aitā́bʰyah
gen.	aitáhya	aitáyāh	aitáišam	aitáhya	aitáyāh	aitáišam	aitáhyāh	-	aitā́sām
loc.	aitáhmi	aitáyau	aitáišu	aitáhmi	aitáyau	aitáišu	aitáhyām	-	aitā́hu

• aiša-/aita-는 ha-/ta-와 동일하게 곡용한다.

2.3. 수사

2.4. 형용사

2.5. 동사

mā 명령 부정
nai 일반 부정

5. 어휘

후기 다에바어(Daevo-Aryan)는 인도이란어 및 북동이란어군 기층과 토하라어 기층, 비인도유럽계 진(眞)다에바어_Eteo-Daevite 기층으로 구성되어있다. 그 외에도 예니세이어, 튀르크어, 우랄어 등 다양한 언어에서 들여온 차용어

고다에바어 차용 기층 - Proto-Oxusic, Eteodaevite, 타 BMAC 언어…
ㄴ 빠르게

5.1. Para-Daevic (또는 Oxusic) 계열 어휘

순수다에바어 어휘와 측다에바어계 어휘의 비교

(비인도유럽계 인도이란어 기층언어)
ODv. reg “새(bird)” : IIr. *mṛga- m. “사냥감”; Skt. mṛgá- “숲의 동물, 새”; YAv. mərəɣa- “새”
ODv. hiz/hisp(< hiz-p) “나무” : IIr. *wṛć-ša- m. “나무”; Skt. vṛkṣá-; YAv. varəša-
ODv. urdal(< urd-al) “왕, 군주” : IIr. *wrata- n. 'rule, command'; Skt. vratá- 'commandment'; OAv. uruuata- 'rule'
ODv. leux “아이” : IIr. *tauk-man- n. “싹, 싹튼 씨”; Skt. tókman-; Av. tauxman-. Cf. Skt. túc- f. '후세, 아이"
ODv. xaof(< xaoh-p < *pus-pa) “꽃” : Skt. púṣ-pa- n. “꽃”
ODv. ḳast “과일” : Skt. phála- n. “과일”
ODv. zeu “풀(grass)” : Skt. śáṣ-pa- n. “어린 풀”
ODv. dáṭe “지휘하다” : IIr. daćā f. “단(hem), 실(thread)”
ODv. ḳofá “노예로 삼다” : IIr. *kuč- "to crook, bend"; Skt. kuc-; MPers. n-gwc-
ODv. tairx(< tai-rx) “파란색의” : IIr. *kapau-ta- m. "비둘기"; Skt. kapóta- "비둘기"; OPers. kapautaka- adj. "파란색의", MPers. kabōd "grey-blue, 비둘기"
ODv. daev(< dahV-p < *dāsa-pa) “다에바 (< 진짜 사람)” : IIr. *dāsa- "(적대적인) 사람들"; Skt. dāsá-, dā́sa- m. “id.”; YAv. dāhī- "다하인(Dāha)에 속한" (cf. OAdyt. Tüstaa “다에바” < DA. *dásyu-tā “사람들” 또는 Pre-Dv. dašu-ta)

신격체
Indra Sharva 등등등
Gandharva
-va = peá “신”

인명 -en. Duvtaen, Quentarien, Jakarren
ㅇㅇ

Tiálḳ “전쟁(war)”, Ṭeukm “무기(weapon)”, Tiḳá “싸우다(to battle)”는 Botai계 차용어로 추정된다. …
Oxusic 고유어는 *pṛt “싸움(battle)”

Indra, gandṛba ###

후기 다에바어 등 인도이란어파로부터 순수다에바어로의 차용어

ODv. hiázai “혀, 언어” < Ir. *hižwáH- f. (cf. IIr. *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH-; PIE *dṇǵʰwéh₂-) “혀”
ODv. kiáth “말(馬)” < PIE. *ǵʰéyos m. "말" (<*ǵʰey- “to drive, impel, stimulate; to throw”); OArm. ji; Skt. háya-.¹
또는 Proto-Yeniseian kuˀs, Pre-Pumpokol kuˀt 과 연관되었을 수 있음.

고아뒤툼어 등 우랄어족으로부터 순수다에바어로의 차용어

ODv. Nelk “사르킥인(Sarkite)” < OAdyt. Nälkä "사르킥 숭배(<허기, 욕망)"
ODv. Komi “코미인²” < OAdyt. komi “사람(man, person)”

5.2.1 인도아리아계 어휘

aika- one (cf. Av. aēva-, OPers. aiva- etc.)
agni- fire (cf. Av. ātar-/āθr-)
švan- dog (cf. Khot. śve; Sogd. (ə)kut-, Bact. kud)

5.2.2 동이란어계 어휘

gari-	mountain
kapā/ă-	fish
sāna-	enemy
maiθā/ă-	day
drava-	hair
ava-suxta-	pure
abi-ar-	to find, obtain
pati-gaz-	to accept
anda-	blind
kutā-, kutī-	dog

이란조어 gari-는 서이란어군에서 소멸되어 *kaufa-로 대체되었다.
kapā-는 본래의 *mā̆sya를 대체해 새로 나타난 어휘이다. 서이란어군에서는 보존되어있다.

7. 약자

abl. ablative case
acc. accusative case
dat. dative case
dir. directive case
gen. genitive case
inst. instrumental case
loc. locative case
nom. nominative case
obl. oblique case
voc. vocative case

Av. Avestan
Bact. Bactrian
CSkt. Classical Sanskrit
DA Daevo-Aryan
Dv. Eteo-Daevite
Khot. Khotanese
MPers. Middle Persian
NPers. New Persian (=Modern Persian)
OAdyt. Old Adytite
ODv. Old Eteo-Daevite
OPers. Old Persian
Oss. Ossetian
PToch. Proto-Tocharian
Skt. Sanskrit
Sogd. Sogdian
Toch. Tocharian
VSkt. Vedic Sanskrit

미사용

부록: 어휘 일람

a ā b β d ð dz ǰ e ē ə f g ɣ h i ī y k l m n o ō p q r ṛ s š t θ ts č u ū v w x z ž

abi-ar-	to find, obtain
abra-	heaven, cloud
aizma-	fuel
anya-	another
asanga-	stone
ásti	is
ava-suxta-	pure
ava-suxta(-ka)-	pure
azam	I
ā-ǰāmaya-	to bring
āfraya-	thanks, salutation
ā-mā́takah	ready
bagah	god
baraka-	fruit
barati	(3s.)bears
bázdyah	(nom.sing.masc.) bad
baxtā-	alms
dasa	10
dašinya-	clever, dexter
dātā̆-	law
driguš-ka-	disciple
duvā	2
duxtā	(nom.) daughter
ǰamanam	time
ǰātai	goes
ǰīva-	to live
fra-nasya-	to be deceived
fra-rāzaya-	to make straight
gari-	mountain
gav-	cow, bull
gāθu-ka-	throne
hafta	7
ham-bṛta-	conpany
haṁǰamana-	assembly
hva-tā́unī-	queen
kapā-	fish
kasu-	small
kasu-tara-	junior, the youngest one
kāhākā-	palate
kuθra	where
madu-	honey
maiθa-	day
marta-tauxma-ka-	man
maxšika-	mosquito
mā	not
māhya-	moon
mā́nayā-	(loc.) in mind
mātā-	mother
na	not
ništāvan(a)-	command
pantāka-	road
panča	5
pančadasa	15
pančama	5th
parā́-daθaya-	to sell
pari-bā́raya-	to explain
pári-dāna-	saddle
pati-búdya-	to perceive
pati-frāna-	window
pati-gaz-	to accept
páti-rādi	because (of)
pitā-	father
púsākā- (pusā-kā-)	wreath, crown
puθra-	son
rápiθvā-	noon
rauxšna-	bright, light
ṛšti-	spear
sahyat(a)i	is said, is called
sāna-	enemy
spasya-	to serve
strī-či-ā-	woman
suktā zaranyā-	gold (lit. burnt gold)
tsrīra-	good
časti-	eye
čaθvar-	4
čaθvāra-	4
čāta-	well
čim	what
ubǰyā	terror
úpa-dāru-	crucified
úz-gāmam	absolutely, ever
uz-rínčaya-	to save, deliver
vāstra-	grass
xā́nākā(m)	(nom.-acc.) house
xā́nākāyā(h)	(gen.-abl.-loc.) house
xvafna-	sleep
xvar-	to eat
xvārya-	carcass
zanaka-	kind
záranya-	gold
zātakah	son
zṛdaya-	heart

각주

1. 다만 원시인도유럽어에서 *ǵʰéyos는 시적인 용도로 신과 관련하여 사용되며, 인도이란어파와 아르메니아어에서만 나타나 분포가 크게 한정된다. 명확한 어원이 없어 기층언어 기원으로 추정되는 *sinǵʰo- 역시 인도이란어파와 아르메니아어에서 동시에 나타난다.

2. 아뒤툼인들을 의미하는 것으로 보인다.

---

• • _
  비평・댓글비평・댓글

  
  댓글 투고 폼

  댓글란 맨 위로

  - hide block

ERROR

The aftergduo's portal does not exist.

오류:	aftergduo 사용자의 포털 페이지가 존재하지 안습니다. 이용 안내를 참조해 포털 페이지를 작성하세요.

이용 안내

1. portal:aftergduo ( 07 Sep 2020 22:08 )